Human Sexuality Case Study - 1158 Words

William and Jessie both 23 years old have been dating for 3 years. They plan to get married in 2 years when they finish with graduate school. About three months ago William had an unplanned and alcohol induced intercourse with a colleague from work. The couple are in counseling and working on issues of trust and communication. Recently, they have started having sexual intercourse. Jessie says she is unable to climax like in the past. William says he is doing everything the same and thinks she still blames him. Looking at William and Jessie’s case, I believe that the possible societal and gender influences related to William’s and Jessie’s concerns are the male and female sexual scripts. According to Strong, DeVault, Sayad and†¦show more content†¦In relation to this case the developmental concerns related to the early adulthood stage according to Strong et al. (2008) are the following: Integrating love and sex, forging intimacy and making commitments. Integrating love and sex was not integrated when it comes to Williams’s infidelity. William was more so thinking with his penis rather than thinking about the love of his life Jessie. As the female, Jessie thinks more with her heart and values the love for William. The thought of betrayal from William, may possibly be disheartening and could hinder Jessie from climaxing during intimacy. In Jessie’s mind, loving William and having that solid connection with him was important to her. Furthermore thi s developmental concern strongly compares to the male sexual script with thoughts of sex over feelings, while the woman’s thoughts consist of feelings over sex. The key to integrating love and sex was missing because of Williams’s infidelity. Therefore uniting the two will take a longer process to connect. Forging intimacy and making commitments plays an integral part in the developmental concerns in this case as well. According to Strong et al. (2008) as a relationship become more meaningful, the degree of intimacy and interdependence increases. As adults become more intimate,Show MoreRelated Smut, Erotic Reality/obscene Ideology Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesObscene Ideology , by Murray Davis (1983), the author expresses the idea that the best source for studying human sexuality objectively is soft core, rather than â€Å"hard core† pornography. (Davis p. xix). The purpose of this paper is to critique Daviss claim and to study what understanding of human sexuality someone might have if they used some other resource that is available today, in this case the Internet. Davis argues that , hard core pornography is usually more abstract and less explicitRead MorePopular Media Focus On Human Sexuality1568 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: Scholarly vs. Popular Media Focus on Human Sexuality – Sexual Orientation Scholarly vs. Popular Media Focus on Human Sexuality Sexual Orientation GRIGOR OGANESYAN American Public University Leslie Griffin – CHFD220 Scholarly vs. Popular Media Focus on Human Sexuality – Sexual Orientation Scholar Article: Studies and research performed by biologists, neurologists, psychologists and geneticists, noted are the researchers who took the opportunity toRead MoreHuman Sexuality And Its Impact On Society896 Words   |  4 Pagesyou are from, human sexuality can mean different things. In essence there really is only a perspective on what sexuality means; â€Å"Human sexuality refers to the ways in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings. Our awareness of ourselves as females or males is part of our sexuality, as is the capacity we have for erotic experiences and responses. Our knowledge of the gender roles in our culture also has a profound influence on us.† (Rathus, 2014) Our views on sexuality are differentRead MoreThe Importance Of The Female Egg For Reproduction1557 Words   |  7 PagesVictorian views of sexuality. He was practicing and writing during an era in which attitudes about sex were beginning to change thanks to the activism of several key players in the fight for sexual equality and controlled reproduction. The rise of the more liberal modern approach to human sexuality seen in the first half to the twentieth century (Brome, 1979). 1886 Richard von Krafft-Ebing was the first to bring many variant sexual acts into the public sphere. Believing sexuality and sexual feelingRead MoreTheories for Therapy1182 Words   |  5 Pagesnon-consummation, low sexual confidence, premature ejaculation and painful intercourse among others. Sex therapists also deal with individuals who suffer depression emanating from instances of sexual assault. Sexual dysfunctions problems are in most cases caused by psychological, relationship, physical and environmental factors and range from the likes of stress and fatigue (bellows, 2007). With sex therapy, patients are assisted in ways capable of helping them overcome their problems. By doing soRead MoreSex, Sexuality, And Sexual Health942 Words   |  4 PagesMany educators feel anxious or hesitant in address the topics of sex, sexuality, and sexual health especially in developing country. They may feel confused about what to teach and when to teach it. Many countries are now starting to teach the younger generation about sexual health. Although, North America and Europe have sexual education in their school; many developing countries lack sexual education which leads to high rate of teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV. SomeRead MoreThe Case For Rights Education1665 Words   |  7 Pages Professor Cocita English 1020 23 November 2016 The Overall Study of the Importance of Youth to Undergo Sexual Education Courses Abramson, Seth. The Case for Rights Education Alongside Sex Education. The Huffington Post, 18 July 2016. The Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-case-for-rights-education-alongside-sex-education_us_578d282de4b0d4229484d76d. Accessed 21 Nov. 2016. In â€Å"The Case for Rights Education Alongside Sex Education†, Seth Abramson states that the reason sex educationRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Sexuality1362 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Sexuality provided the introduction to the required skill set for the counseling profession not as a specialty, but as an avenue to self-reflect upon the learning of new concepts and ideas, gathered from sex researchers. Recognizing the impact of societal beliefs concerning the gender socialization process helps us understand bits and pieces of human sexuality. It is important to also understand attitudes, worldview, ethical considerations and prejudices as we process the topic of human sexualityRead MoreIs Homosexuality Biologically Based Pro / Con Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, a compelling number of people are particularly interested in someone of the identical gender (Slife, 2013). Sexual assimilation is a physiological attribute that exhibit one of the greatest scopes of sexual distinction, given that 90-97% of human beings of one sex demonstrate an appeal that is dissimilar from that of the alternate gender (Slife, 2013, p. 36). In like manner, the devices that conclude characteristics of people s sexual assimilation have been the topic of intense debates. InRead MoreHuman Sexuality And Sexual Orientation1544 Words   |  7 PagesFew aspects of human behavior excite as much interest and controversy as sexual orientation. In cultures and societies today, as well as in the past, there is usually an emphasis on a specific orientation as a norm, and typically heterosexuality is perceived as such. This in turn generates a wide range of reaction to homosexuality, from its being seen as â€Å"unnatural† in moral terms, to ideas of it as threatening the stability of a culture. In recent years, however, new perspectives are emerging

Sociology Courses On The Classroom - 1204 Words

Certainly having other sociology courses prior to this class helped my learning the most. However, the reading assignments due before each class oriented me throughout the topic and allowed me to understand the lecture. It provided me with a sneak peak of the upcoming topic to be discussed in class. Thus, gave me time to think of comments with which I could participate. It also taught me to watch out for facts and details about a topic. Aside from allowing me to understand better the lecture, I enjoyed doing the assignments because it provided me with facts to back up material being taught in class. Additionally, it allowed me to apply the content of the class to outside sources. Thus, it enhanced my understanding because concepts were†¦show more content†¦Although coming up with solution to those problems are challenging, at least I learned how to address them. Since I understand the causes and consequences of social problems, I am now comfortable to discuss my points of vi ew with another individual in an educated discussion. Furthermore, understanding the causes and consequences has also allowed me to understand that not everybody has the same points of view. We can all go through the same situation, but we all experience it differently, and precisely that experience is what shapes our perceptions of things. Thus, my empathy increased greatly, because when my perception gets challenged, I understand the the other person has experienced a situation differently than mine. Likewise, the topic discussed in class challenged the stereotypes I had of situations or even other people. For example, I stereotyped the poor as lazy or as people who did not tried to get out of poverty. However, after material discussed in class I mainly understood that being poor was not even their choice; several inherit being poor from their parents. I understood that it is not in their power to change their economic situation, but it relies on the institutions that do not allow them to earn better wages, or do not allow them to have the same opportunities as others. My stereotypes were challenged with every social problem discussed in class. I think that’s what I enjoyed theShow MoreRelatedI Have Always Admired The Act Of Teaching960 Words   |  4 Pagesover the classroom. As I got older my habits only grew worse but always in a good way. In high school I would jump out of my seat every time a classmate would ask for help. It is an indescribable feeling to be able to use all of the information and knowledge I have gained through all of my hard work and to use it towards helping another person gain that knowledge and to watch them become more intelligent and more confident knowing that I was the one who guided them. I landed into a sociology courseRead MoreIntegration Of Instructional Technology Into Public Education1540 Words   |  7 Pagesincorporating digital technology more frequently into the classroom. As well, this article takes a very sociological perspective and examines the way in which this upcoming digitalization of the classroom, which will provide a strong relationship to many of the course materials which will also will be included within this paper. This article also provides a new argument/ point of view that examines the technology as only a minor part of the classroom, as the teacher is still the main source of knowledgeRead MoreStudent s Social Background And Their Connections Within Society1531 Words   |  7 Pagesregards education being concerned with the transmission of culture, values, beliefs, knowledge and skills (2013,p166). Social insights into learner’s backgrounds can expose how and why student’s act and think in a particular way. Developmentally the sociology of education has provided numerous theories, the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, Forms of Capital and the Virtual Backpack Theory, which contributes to and underpin the skills teachers can employ into their learning environmentsRead Moreâ€Å"Why Does He Feel This Way?,† They Wondered. â€Å"Where Did1222 Words   |  5 Pages We are just taught to be a certain race and expected to follow its customs in society.† Those two weeks were some of the most fulfilling moments I have had as an educator. Initially, my introduction to sociology was during my sophomore year in college. Through readings, dialogues, and classroom experiments, my professor challenged us to analyze institutions such as family and school. The more I studied, the more I began to understand how institutions directly and indirectly impacted people’s socialRead MoreLooking For A Peer Review1352 Words   |  6 PagesAn Avenue for Challenging Sexism: Examining the High School Sociology Classroom.† This article was very interesting to me. I went to a small school so we didn t have sociology classes. It is very interesting to see their approach to teaching about gender. In this paper I will be examining the purpose and goal of this article. The way that this study was set up was through six social studies teacher who were teaching a sociology course. Each of these individuals worked in a variations of small communitiesRead MoreEvaluation Essay800 Words   |  3 Pageseducation and a diversity requirement class I’d recommend taking Sociology 268. The class, Race and Ethnicity, is an introduction course taught by Professor Kristina Cantin. I am going to evaluate this professor based off of five criteria: subject knowledge and passion; setting high standards and clear classroom objectives; ability to create a sense of community within the class; professor accessibility; and mutual respect. The course focused on the eight common conversations about Race: â€Å"We’reRead More Online Education Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagestoday in comparison to the 1950s because of advancements in teaching and other great inventions that provide easier techniques of teaching. One major issue that has been raised is distant learning courses and online education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distant learning could be any format from VHS videos, DVDs, or internet courses online. Online education has been legal since 1993 and is a new way of teaching students of all ages. Online education has been gaining popularity through out the years because of the ease of theRead MoreOnline Education1381 Words   |  6 Pagestoday in comparison to the 1950s because of advancements in teaching and other great inventions that provide easier techniques of teaching. One major issue that has been raised is distant learning courses and online education. Distant learning could be any format from VHS videos, DVDs, or internet courses online. Online education has been legal since 1993 and is a new way of teaching students of all ages. Online education has been gaining popularity through out the years because of the ease of theRead MoreAlternative Learning Systems9735 Words   |  39 PagesArticles Sociology of the Prison Classroom: Marginalized Identities and Sociological Imaginations behind Bars Teaching Sociology 39(2) 165–178 Ó American Sociological Association 2011 DOI: 10.1177/0092055X11400440 http://ts.sagepub.com Kylie L. Parrotta1 and Gretchen H. Thompson1 Abstract The authors use sociology of the college classroom to analyze their experiences as feminists teaching sociology courses in the ‘‘unconventional setting’’ of prison. Reflective writing was used to chronicle experiencesRead MoreEssay on Help for Homeless Incarcerated Women 885 Words   |  4 PagesThere was a guest speaker in the classroom by October 31, 2013. Her name was Nadia Valle. She was a representative of the non profit organization. The mission of the non profit organization helped incarcerated women successfully. The home place for incarcerated women from releasing prisons was majorly mission for the founder and CEO. The founder was a prisoner due to drug addictions and the death of five years old son. The death of five years old of son impacted her emotionally and mentally and

Psychosocial Hazards at the Workplace-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Psychosocial hazards at the workplace. Answer: Introduction This briefing note will be discussing about the psychosocial hazards taking place at work place, the health impact of exposure to the identified hazards, the potential outcomes of the risk assessment hazards and the various measures for controlling the risks. Work is beneficial to mental well state and personal well being of a person. It provides a sense of identity in a person. 7500 Australians had been suffering from work related psychological disorders equating to around 6% of the workers compensation claims. About $480 millions of Australian workers are paid compensation for the work related mental disorders ("Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care", 2018). Most common types of psychosocial hazards noticed are alcohol in the work place, driver fatigue, customer aggression, work related mental disorders, remote or isolated work. Issue Alcohol in the workplace- about 15 % of the work place injuries in Australia have been attributed by the drug and substance abuse. And the economic cost due to alcohol use in Australia can be estimated about $4.5 billion a year contributing to the largest proportion to cost ("Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care", 2018). Work place bullying- Workers in Australia had been facing with psychological distress due to work place bullying. Reports showing 154% higher loss in performance at work. 12% more sick days per month have been obtained by the employers ("What is Work-Related Stress? - OHS Reps", 2018). Customer aggression-Customer aggression towards an employee can create a frightening, intimidating situation. Adverse effects Adverse physical effects such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, poor mental health, loss of job due to dismissal from the workplace and violence are the possible adverse effects of the alcohol consumption at the workplace (D'aleo et al., 2007). Bullying at work place can cause stress anxiety and sleep disturbances, mental issues such as depression, reduced quality of life, increased absenteeism and degraded work performance (Law et al., 2011). If customer aggression is not managed properly then it can cost directly to the employees such as recruitment costs, costs due to new employment training, declined staff and client satisfaction (D'aleo et al., 2007). Methods for assessing psychosocial hazards at the workplace The Australian Drug foundation has developed an effective workplace alcohol policy. In 2006, the ACTU executive has endorsed the alcohol and the other drugs at workplace policy ("Home - ADF - Alcohol Drug Foundation", 2018). The policy focused on the factors in the workplace that can attribute to the use of alcohols, early interventions, a confidential reporting procedures, support and counseling services for the people vulnerable to drugs and alcohol, training education to the managers, employees and the supervisors. There is no single act dedicated for the workplace bullying in Australia. The national model of Work health and safety Act or model work health and safety regulations have included those strategies to set up workplace bullying. In 2011 the parliament of Victoria had made amendments in the Victorian Crime act, 1958 by the crime amendment bill, 2011, concerned with nurse bullying. The occupational safety and the health act 1984 place duties on the employers and the employees to maintain codes of practice ("What is Work-Related Stress? - OHS Reps", 2018). NOHS have taken up strategies related to workplace such as fragmented work to ease out stress at the workplace. Scheduling of work such as shift timings, employment status, physical work environment, degree of control over work (Chan-Mok et al., 2014). The national health and safety commission of Australia (NOHS) have provided strategies for reducing fatigue among the employees. Fragmentation of work, dissemination of the workload, reasonable shift timings, provision of food and water, designing of the ergonomics to increase employee comfort. Outcomes and controlling methods Preferred order of the control measures for eliminating the risk of harm. Elimination- removal of the hazardous work practices such as alcohol and substance abuse, reduction of the excessive workload to reduce employee fatigue. Substitution- Work load should be disseminated in order to reduce the work load, provision of telephonic interaction with the customer prior to the meeting to prevent customer aggression. Engineering control- Alcohol detecting devices should be used to keep an eye on the employees, provision of cameras to identify any episodes of bullying. Administrative control- The HR managers can train the employees regarding the rules and the regulations regarding alcohol abuse, bullying, and work pressure. Personal protective equipments- PPE such as personal alarms can be use in case of bullying. Developing a healthy life style other than falling prey to alcohols and drug abuse, self appointment with experts if suffering with psychological stress. A PCBU has the main duty under the work health and safety act (WHS) to manage the risk associated with workload at the workplace ("Work Health and Safety Codes of Practice 2011", 2018). This includes flexible work arrangements giving the maximum degree of freedom, provision of support system to the budding or the new employees, rewarding the efforts of the workers, engaging the workers in the decision making, roistering appropriate shift timing for the employees. Conclusion Pressure at workplace and workload cannot be reduced in the corporate sectors but the health of the employees cannot be compromised in any way. Detection of the factors that trigger the hazards and applying policies such as alcohol reduction policies and policies against bullying and fatigue at workplace can help in reducing the psychosocial hazards at workplace. In spite of the several measures already taken, there are several gaps that have to be filled for reducing the psychosocial hazards at the workplace. Recommendations It is essential to identify the workplace factors that trigger the alcohol consumption at the workplace. The management staffs should be supported and trained for dealing alcohol related issues, raise awareness in the workplace regarding the risk associated with alcohol consumption at work place, application of stringent norms and penalties regarding alcohol consumption at the workplace (D'aleo et al., 2007). The anti-bullying laws have to be stricter while dealing with bullying. There should be easy access to the communication channels such the reporting of bullying becomes easier. Employees have to be trained properly to respond to incidents of aggression, bullying and incivility (Law et al., 2011). Identification of threats related to customer aggression, evaluation of the threats, setting of acceptable levels of risk References Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. (2018). Safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 11 February 2018, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/ Chan-Mok, J. O., Caponecchia, C., Winder, C. (2014). The concept of workplace bullying: Implications from Australian workplace health and safety law. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(3), 442-456. D'aleo, N., Stebbins, P., Lowe, R., Lees, D., Ham, D. (2007). Managing workplace stress: psychosocial hazard risk profiles in public and private sector Australia. The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, 13(2), 68-87. Home - ADF - Alcohol Drug Foundation. (2018). ADF - Alcohol Drug Foundation. Retrieved 11 February 2018, from https://adf.org.au/ Law, R., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., Dormann, C. (2011). Psychosocial safety climate as a lead indicator of workplace bullying and harassment, job resources, psychological health and employee engagement. Accident Analysis Prevention, 43(5), 1782-1793. What is Work-Related Stress? - OHS Reps. (2018). Ohsrep.org.au. Retrieved 11 February 2018, from https://www.ohsrep.org.au/hazards/stress/what-is-work-related-stress Work Health and Safety Codes of Practice 2011. (2018). Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 11 February 2018, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2011L02804

Sweatshops Developed Country and Countries Essay Example For Students

Sweatshops: Developed Country and Countries Essay Think about a Job offer that provides unhealthy workplace, long working hours with almost zero bathroom breaks and the wage that is as low as 15 cents. People address such workplaces as sweatshops. More precisely, sweatshops are the workplaces where workers fundamental rights are not respected. We often show sympathy to the workers who work in the sweatshops. Sometimes people in the developed countries intend to ban consuming the sweatshop products. So, corporate giants who use sweatshops would raise the conditions for the sweatshop workers. However, sometimes well intended action has undesired consequences. Consumers in the developed countries like United States of America are the significant consumers of sweatshop products. Most of the sweatshops are located in developing countries where labor wage is extremely low relative to the developed world. Therefore, in order to see actual role of the sweatshops one needs to see those workplaces from the eyes of poor workers there. I was born and lived in a country called Bangladesh. We will write a custom essay on Sweatshops: Developed Country and Countries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Almost my entire life I have witnessed series of events where workers in garment factories died either due to factory building collapse or by the diseases originated from the unhealthy workplaces. More frequently than that, what I have seen in the local media is that more people died by starving or due to cold and natural disaster. Lot of people in developing countries do not even have enough food, clothes or shelters to survive. If we look from the eyes of people under poverty in developing countries, sweatshops appear to them as blessings. Moreover, sweatshops bring tighter competition in the market to keep price of the products as low as possible. Which brings higher competition in the business. If we resist against the sweatshops, not only the poor workers with zero alternatives would lose their Job but world could ee potential inflations as well. Therefore, this world needs more sweatshops to make sweat free world. Earlier this year, an event occurred where the death of an estimated 360 people in Dhaka, Bangladesh, following the destruction of several garment factories, housed in an eight story building that collapsed. Many people addressed this as the spotlight on the conditions workers in the developing world are subjected to every day and the companies who profit from their labors. UK Companies Primark and Matalan are among the companies claimed to buy from the suppliers housed in the collapsed building, while numerous companies trading in he I-JK have tied to other suppliers with questionable track records across the developing world. The traditional reaction to such events is to call for a boycott of any company that uses these suppliers. However, in Bangladesh alone, the industry has created Jobs for over four million people, many of them are women, which raises the question of whether a boycott would help or hinder their quality of life further. Many people feel wrong about sweatshops and they try to stay away from sweatshop products to push companies to provide better benefits to the poor workers of the sweatshops. Sweatshops generally pay minimal wage to the labors while corporate giants maximizing their profits. If we look at the figures and statistics relative to the mlnlmal wage ruled In tne developing countrles wnere most 0T tne sweatsnops are located, sweatshops often pay much higher than the minimal wage. According to Bailey (2004) that when economists looked at reams of economic data on wages and workers rights in developing countries, they found that multinationals generally paid more and often a lot more than the wages offered by locally owned companies. Various student groups and organizations often generate protests against weatshops push companies to raise the working conditions for the sweatshops workers. Given that problems remain in United States factories, the anti-sweatshop movements primary focus on factory working conditions outside of the US (Foreign Perspective) can seem misplaced. Further-more, critics may wonder how the anti- sweatshop movement will generate legitimacy for the factory standards it aims to implement internationally (Global Perspective). According to the Russell (2004) that voices outside the United States seem rather muted on this point and the standards outed by the campus activists may be far from global in their constitution. .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 , .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .postImageUrl , .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 , .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:hover , .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:visited , .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:active { border:0!important; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:active , .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288 .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda4ae833f726d22498a6acc14f628288:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Book Thief by Marcus Zusak EssayIn that the debate is taking place on college campuses, it is not much more of a global forum than were the streets of Seattle. Most consumers of developed countries even agreed to pay higher prices for the sweatshop products they consume. However, what most consumers in developed countries tend to miss out that products are manufactured in sweatshops to maximize profit of various corporates and even sometimes corrupted government of developing countries associated with the product. Sweatshops are placed mostly in third world countries. Developing countries have more individual with financial hardships than any other developed countries. If we try to search for an answer to the question why there are many poor people in developing countries that would allow us to understand why people accept to work in the sweatshops. In developing countries resources are limited. Sometimes those places are heavily populated. In those countries Jobs are few relative to the potential employees. Therefore every people compete with many other for each Job. Unemployment rate is high. How people are going to survive without Jobs or earning sources. Lack of earning sources helped poverty to hit those unemployed people. Most workers in the sweatshops do not have better alternatives. If they do not work in sweatshops then they probably would work somewhere with lower wage or they would be left doing nothing. In developing countries like Bangladesh, people die more by starving and cold due to lack of food and shelter than by working in the sweatshops. Those people under poverty would appreciate if they get opportunity to work in a sweatshop and get a chance to survive. According to Powell (2012), sweatshops provides alternatives that help enhance the life of poor workers in the eveloping along with contribution to the local economy. Some people also point out how sweatshops workers do not get any ethical benefits. It is also important to understand the culture of different part of the world. Sometimes sweatshop workers all they need is to have a dinner with their family. Even though I mentioned about poverty in Bangladesh, it is interesting to know according to the New Economics Foundation (n. d. ), the country ranked 1 lth happiest country in the world after having so many sweatshop workers. It is important to look at the values of the people working at sweatshops. Maybe all they want is a decent time with their family and enough income to survive. Their satisfaction margin is may be different than developed part 0T tne world Low wage laDor attracts corporate glants to manufacture products in developing countries through the sweatshops. This would allow companies to maximize profit, allow low cost products in the market and also it helps developing countries to grow economy by exporting more products. Heintz (2004) argues that manufactured exports have grown from 17. 7% of total exports from developing countries in 1980 t071. 6% in 1998. In the world of development policy there has been a change of export-oriented growth, in which access to the markets of the affluent countries has become a key component of the growth strategies for countries around the globe. Because of these developments, the connections between the low-wage manufacturing sectors of developing countries and the consumer societies of wealthy nations have become increasingly more pronounced. Therefore sweatshops allow consumers of developed countries to interact with internationally manufactured products and gain attractions by providing low cost products. It helps raise the competition among various vendors and they are forced to attract consumers either with greater quality products or by producing lower cost products. That way companies will face more demand from the market. So, to meet the volume demanded from the market, there would be more requirements for the sweatshops. As number of sweatshops increases, poor workers would have more eligible alternatives to their existing Job. This would result companies to raise working facilities in order to attract workers. This would lead to lower poverty globally and also higher productivity from the workers. .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 , .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .postImageUrl , .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 , .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:hover , .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:visited , .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:active { border:0!important; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:active , .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0 .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ce663b7fe7f2ca46cc45bfd91e5a0b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord of the Flies Essay SummarySweatshops, the argument runs, dont pay much (about $40 a month in Bangladesh), but they pay a good deal more than subsistence agriculture, the primary alternative available to poor workers in developing countries. The appeal of a higher wage, steadier hours and for women, independence draws workers from rural areas to urban slums in search of factory work. Globalization and with it the outsourcing of manufacturing labor from rich countries to poor ones, has lifted millions out of extreme poverty defined as living on less than $1 a day. Shutting down sweatshops completely would nly erase those gains. According to Christian Science Monitor (1996), we do not support exploitation of the very young or abysmal work conditions. But its not fair to demand that developing countries meet all US labor standards. The way to help impoverished people all over the world is by doing business with those people who would hire them or hire their relatives. Looking at the macroeconomic success of China, its hard to not be awed by the countrys incredible strides since cracking open its markets to capitalism with Chinese characteristics. Since 1979 about 600 million eople or 10% of the entire population of the planet have escaped poverty in China. Whether Western consumers will start to feel guilty and switch off from electronics products made in China remains to be seen. But as thousands lined up for Jobs late last month at a new Foxconn plant in Zhengzhou, the spigot of Chinese workers who want to make our iPhone appears in no danger of running dry. According to Goldberg (2001), Sweatshops are not an end in themselves, but the first step on the ladder of success. One needs to see opportunities provided by sweatshops to poor workers by arious companies from the perspectives of the workers who are willing to work. If the workplace creates better living for the workers than their existing alternatives, where is the harm? It is important to see the big picture of the global market. Every components In tnls world are nave Interdependency. wnetner we Duy products Trom sweatshops or not this may not have immediate impact on consumers. However, it has effect on foreign workers particularly in developing countries. Impact on foreign workers due to seize of sweatshop products would have global effect. Cost of roduction would rise which would bring potential inflation in developed countries. Also rise poverty will be imminent in developing countries. Looking at the current scenario, sweatshops are working towards tighter cost of products. This will help to promote more use of sweatshops as demand for product will be higher. As more sweatshop come in to global market, worker will have more alternatives to pick where they would like to work. This will pressure companies to offer better facilities and salaries to attract worker and eventually world will be sweatshop free. References IYY6, July 2 sweatsnops revlsltea. nrlstlan sclence Monltor. p. 20 Balley, R (2004). Sweatshops Forever. Reason, 35(9), 12-13. Goldberg, J. (2001). Sweatshop Chic. National Review, 53(6), 30-32. Heintz, J. (2004). Beyond Sweatshops: Employment, 1467-8330. 2004. 00403. x New Economics Foundation. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http:// www. happyplanetindex. org/data/ Powell, B. (2012). In Defense of Sweatshops. In K. A. Ackley (Ed. ), Perspectives on contemporary issues (pp. 526-531). Boston: Wadswort h. Russell, J. (2004). Locating the Publicity of US-Based Anti-Sweatshop

Julius Caesar, Mark Anthonys speech Essay Example

Julius Caesar, Mark Anthonys speech Essay Example Julius Caesar, Mark Anthonys speech Paper Julius Caesar, Mark Anthonys speech Paper Essay Topic: Julius Caesar After analysing Mark Anthonys speech at Julius Caesars funeral, I have come to some conclusions about the persuasive techniques used by Shakespeare to manipulate the crowd within the story and to turn the plebeians against Brutus and the other conspirators. The speech is also used to stop the commons making Brutus Caesar. Brutus has allowed Mark Anthony to give a speech at Julius Caesars funeral but only after Brutus has given his side of the story, by now Brutus has all the commons/plebeians support. During his speech Brutus offers his life. Mark Anthony starts his speech with the words You gentle Romans this sounds as if he is taking pity on them immediately drawing their full attention to him. Next he addresses them as Friends, Romans, countrymen this is appealing to their consciousness as citizens of Rome Brutus but also by addressing them using the three words it becomes more personal instead of everyone. Immediately Mark Anthony states his reason for his presence this being that he has come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, this is because the commons have turned against Caesar and so do not want to hear good of him. Also by saying this it put Mark Anthony on their side. It is at this point were told that while good is buried with the dead the evil lives on after them. This tells the commons that what Brutus has done will long be remembered whereas the good Caesar did Rome will be forgotten quickly. Like it already has. After this Mark Anthony says that Brutus Believed Caesar to be ambitious, if so it were, it was a grievous fault and grievously hath Caesar answered for it by using if Mark Anthony questions Brutuss judgement but also it seem as if Caesar died for this mans judgement. We are also told that he speaks under the watch of Brutus and the rest this told more subtly that Brutus is not in this alone. For Brutus is a honourable man so are they all; honourable men this is this is a use of sarcastic / ironic language telling us that Brutus is not the only instigator within this conspiracy. Another way he manipulates the crowd is by using the pattern of three, this technique is used to state something good about Caesar, then to compare it against the point that Brutus believed him to be ambitious. Then lastly he tells us that Brutus is honourable. This is another use of ironic language as Mark Anthony is comparing the truth about Caesar against Brutus opinion of Caesar But then pointing out that Brutus must be right as everyone thinks he is an honourable man Another reason for Mark Anthonys choice of words in this passage is that he is able to state firstly that he is not allowed to speak his mind as he is under the watch off Brutus. This also tells us that Brutus is higher up than Mark Anthony. Irony comes in to the speech because if Brutus was truly honourable then he would allow for Mark Anthony to speak freely, this shows the plebeians that Brutus is obviously not honourable and that they were wrong in thinking he was. Repetition Mark Anthony sounds very sincere when he says, The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious For Brutus is an honourable man. This makes Mark Anthony seem a friend of Brutus allowing him to gently sway the crowd but also this tells Brutus that he is speaking no bad of him. He repeats that statement three more times becoming increasingly sarcastic, saying finally, Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. Since the people responded positively to Brutus speech, Anthony could not insult Brutus honesty in a direct manner. But instead Anthony disproves Caesars ambition with three examples. One is when he gave the ransom of captives to the public treasury and not his own, another when he cried with the poor people, and finally when he refused the kingship that Anthony offered him, three times. Anyone who was ambitious would never have done any such things. Anthony says, I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke. but in fact this is exactly what he does. When giving his speech Mark Anthony repeats the names of the instigators especially Brutus and the fact that they are all so honourable. He does to state their reputation but in fact showing the crowd that they are not honourable at all this when stating he fears to do them wrong, or He was my friend, faithful and just to me Mark Anthony has made the speech more effective by talking from personal experience and so it can not be argued as this is fact unlike Brutus reason as his is an opinion. Rhetorical One technique used by Mark Anthony is rhetorical questions. These are used when questioning Brutus Was this ambition? this is used after 3 sets of poses/pattern of three when has been built up. The second rhetorical question is when Mark Anthony asks the crowd what cause withholds you then, to mourn for him? Already answered it in the question Used for dramatic effect use of impressive language By saying this he has shown the crowd that they are allowed to mourn Subsequent to this Mark Anthony gives the answer to his rhetorical question. He does this by speaking to the crowd indirectly by addressing their judgement O Judgement thou art fled to brutish beast, and men have lost their reason. By speaking indirectly to them he states that brutish beast (Brutus) has stolen their judgment/reasoning and that there is no reason for them, not to mourn. Imagery Rhythm/rhyme Poetry Emotive language As I have already said unlike Brutus appears arrogant and forceful Anthony, who is an emotional and sincere speaker, his speech comes from the heart and personal experience this to the crowd is easier to accept and is more forthcoming. The will Mark Anthony has the will of Caesar, which he reads to the commons during his speech but the timing is crucial He introduces the will almost half way into his speech when the plebeians hear of this they want to hear it this is when Mark Anthony uses it to his advantage as he is able to keep their attention for his whole speech but he is careful not to read it b4 then otherwise they may leave so he keeps it until the very end of his speech when the anticipation has been built up, using it as a climax to his speech so that when the commons leave this is what they will remember most of all. Theatrical pause Just after Mark Anthonys use of emotive language he give a theatrical pause this is to allow the plebeians to gather their thought and to reflect/contemplate on what he has just said. It also gives time for them to form a group opinion (one that is in his favour) The Cloak Is another dramatic device used in Mark Anthonys speech to manipulate the crowd in to turning against the conspirators. He now shows the physical evidence by putting his finger through the hole of the stab wounds that were made by Brutus and the other conspirator this enrages the commons making. Once more Mark Anthony speaks to the crowd O what a fall there was, my countrymen? Then I, and you, and all of us fell down This addresses them as countrymen appealing to their socialist morals to come forward and revolt but also he is naming himself a countrymen. Mark Anthonys choice of words are very important in this speech good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up To such a rage of mutiny by introducing the idea of mutiny in the commons heads, the next time Mark Anthony has taken a theatrical pause, theyve decided to mutiny. This shows that he has spoken to turn the crowd against the conspirators. Brutus is respected by the public and is very well known and so he has a reputation for being able to speak, Mark Anthony uses this to his advantage I am no orator, as Brutus is; but (as u all know me) a plain blunt man. By telling the crowd this he is automatically giving Brutus the advantage making him look the underdog. For I have neither writ word, nor worth, action nor utterance, nor the power of speech, to stir mens blood. Here he has separated himself from the crowd that is about to mutiny. Let me not stir you up to such a sudden flood of mutiny, But were I Brutus and there were an Anthony ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue in every wound of dead Caesar, that should move the stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. Here he subliminally told the crowd to mutiny and rage. Being the last to speak, the crowd listen to him Mark Anthony is a very honourable soldier who is loyal to anyone in power. He was a great friend to Caesar and thought very highly of him. He is extremely angry at Caesars death. He is a very cunning man as can be seen in the second part of the scene and he is able to manipulate people. He cared a lot for Caesar and as a result he grieved a lot when Caesar was killed. Because he was very close to Caesar he wants revenge and, although he can hide it, has a lot of hatred for the conspirators who killed Caesar. At first it seemed that he was so upset that Caesar had died that he would wish to die also. However, later he seems to decide that revenging his death would be a better way. He knows the conspirators only as other Romans, he does not know them as friends and knows very little about them. As a result he may not know about Cassius cunning mind that has already discovered Mark Anthonys plan for revenge.

Get Research Experience to Get Into Graduate School

Get Research Experience to Get Into Graduate School Applicants to graduate school encounter fierce competition for admission and funding in todays competitive market. How can you increase your odds of acceptance, and better yet, funding? Get research experience by assisting a faculty member to conduct his or her research. As a research assistant, youll have an exciting opportunity to do the research rather than just read about it and get important experience that will make you stand out in the graduate admissions pile. Why Become a Research Assistant? Aside from the thrill of generating new knowledge, assisting a professor with research provides many other valuable opportunities including: Gaining skills and knowledge that arent easily learned in the classroomWorking one-on-one with a faculty memberExposure to methods and techniques that will help you complete your research and dissertation.Get writing and public speaking practice by submitting papers to professional conferences and journalsDevelop a mentoring relationship with a faculty memberGet outstanding letters of recommendation Engaging in research is a worthwhile experience, regardless of whether you choose to attend graduate school, because it provides you with the opportunity to think, organize information, and demonstrate your commitment, reliability, and capacity for research. What Does a Research Assistant Do? What will be expected of you as a research assistant? Your experience will vary by the faculty member, project, and discipline. Some assistants might administer surveys, maintain and operate lab equipment, or care for animals. Others might code and enter data, make photocopies, or write literature reviews. What general tasks can you expect? Collect data by administering surveys, interviews, or running research protocolsScore, code, and enter data into a spreadsheet or statistical analysis programConduct general library research including literature searches, making copies of articles, and ordering unavailable articles and books through interlibrary loanDevelop new research ideasUse computer skills such as word processing, spreadsheet, scheduling and statistical analysis programsAssist in preparing submissions for local or regional conferences and, if accepted, work on poster or oral presentations for professional conferencesAssist faculty in preparing a manuscript to submit the results of your collaborative research to a scientific journal So, youre convinced of the value of research experience to your  graduate school application. Now what? How Do You Get Involved as a Research Assistant? First and foremost, you should perform well in class, and be motivated and visible in your department. Let faculty know that youre interested in getting involved in research. Approach faculty during office hours and ask for leads on who might be looking for  research assistants. When you find a faculty member who is looking for an assistant, carefully and honestly describe what you can offer (computer skills, Internet skills, statistical skills, and the number of hours per week youre available). Let the faculty member know that youre willing to work hard (be honest!). Ask about specific requirements such as the duration of the project, what your responsibilities will be, and the length of commitment (a semester or a year?). Remember that while you might not find anyone working on a project that you find fascinating, you will obtain excellent experience; besides your interests most likely will change as you gain more experience and education. Benefits for Faculty Youre now aware that there are many benefits to getting involved in research. Did you know that there are benefits for faculty too? They get a hardworking student to do some labor-intensive parts of research. Faculty often depend on students to further their research programs. Many  faculty  members  have ideas for studies that they dont have time to conduct   motivated students  can pick up projects and help to further  faculty research programs. If you develop a relationship with a faculty member, you might be able to help him or her conduct a project that may otherwise remain shelved for lack of time. Involving undergraduates in research also offers the opportunity for faculty to witness a students professional growth, which can be quite rewarding. As you can see, student-professor research relationships offer benefits to all involved; however, the commitment to become a research assistant is a big one. Its your responsibility to ensure that aspects of the research project get done. The faculty member will count on you to get it done right. Your performance here can give faculty members lots of good things to write in letters of recommendation. If you complete tasks competently, you might be asked to take on more responsibility and you will earn excellent letters of recommendation. However, there is a positive payoff from conducting research with faculty only if you perform competent work consistently. If you dont take the commitment seriously, are unreliable, or make repeated mistakes, your relationship with the faculty member will suffer (as will your recommendation). If you decide to work with a faculty member on his or her research, treat it as a primary responsibility and reap the rewards.

International Tourism In The United States Of America Essay

International Tourism In The United States Of America - Essay Example A number of factors made it possible for people to increasingly visit different places and enjoy a change of scene from their usual environment. Among the factors is the rise of a middle class economy as workers benefited from income generated by working in new industries. This group of citizens had extra income to spend on vacations to different areas of the country occasionally taking a number of days (Shaffer, 2001). Additionally from the late eighteenth century, there were extensive developments in the transport and communication sectors within the US making it easy for people to travel and access information about specific areas they were interested in visiting. The construction of the railroad to link major cities by 1860 was an important step in furthering the increasing interest in tourism especially from entrepreneurs such as Walter Raymond who travelled to California to identify new areas of investment in the area of resort hotel in 1883. Following these developments, there were important developments in tourism as new destinations such as in San Francisco where the Cliff House became an area of interest as well as other places such as Yosemite national Park developed as a tourist attraction from the late 1850s (Shaffer, 2001). The developments in tourism industry from the 18th up to around 1940s majorly benefited the upper class and a few groups of people from the middle class. Additionally, tourism services offered by different players were disintegrated with service providers such as transport agencies, hotels keepers, tour operators and travel agents working as distinct groups within the sector. Each of the service providers worked independent of the other without closer collaborations with those running the hotels strictly being concerned with beds while those in transportation were only concerned with offering passenger services. However, the reality in

SCC Caf Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

SCC Caf Proposal - Essay Example The chapter begins with the invention of a proposal in which it discusses the factors to consider before creating a proposal. This it explains requires the identification of a need and possible solutions. By analyzing the solutions, it becomes possible for one to develop a realistic proposal that addresses the problem. Organizing and drafting a proposal is yet another vital chapter in the book that explains the structures of proposals and tools available to students to enable them to develop effective proposals. The authors maintain that the use of language is a major factor that affects the effectiveness and usability of proposals among other types of writings. The authors advise the use of simple sentence structure in order to enhance the communication. Use of jargons is advisable only when writing professional proposals since each profession has a set of jargons. Â  The chapter is indeed vital since it addresses the essential type of writing to both students and professionals. However, students are earners and therefore require a reliable point of reference. The chapter offers an effective reference since the authors of the book use simple language and a point-by-point explanation of the process of writing a proposal a feature that makes the book easy to use. Additionally, the authors use the various example just in order to enhance the learners’ comprehension of the facts and ideas they present in the book. The various illustrations in the chapter coupled with the descriptive language the authors use in the chapter are among the factors that enhance the usability of the chapter thus the book. Â  In retrospect, the chapter offers an effective and elaborate explanation of the topical issue. The authors try their best to develop an effective learning material targeting young learners.

Square Pharma Essay Example for Free

Square Pharma Essay The scope of the report was based on the annual reports web site, input from interviews of executives of the SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited. To analyze the situation in question, we worked on focusing on SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited and analyzing their objectives, market strategies, market situations, product mixes, etc. The analysis was based on the exposed and available information only. In-depth data were not always available on-demand due to some unavailable reasons. SWOT analysis of the company has been done. Objective of the study: The specific objectives aimed for this report is to analyze the environmental factors that influence the marketing sector of SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited. Methodology: Information used to prepare this report has been collected from both the primary and secondary sources which together provided more comprehensive information. Collection of the data: An open discussion method was followed to gather primary information by informally interviewing the various executives of the company. Participants were purposefully selected as they commonly engaged in marketing directly or indirectly. Observations were also used to collect primary data while working in different desks. The secondary data was accumulated from two sources- a. internal and b. external. The former sources were annual reports, periodicals, articles and brochures published by the company. So in later we use journals, research papers and articles from various online sources. Limitations of the Study: This report suffered from several limitations: †¢ The most important of them was â€Å"time constraint†. Time was not adequate to complete the study more perfectly. †¢ Another important limitation was â€Å"inaccessibility in many section of the organization†. We confronted difficulties in getting appointment from the desired respondents as well as appropriate response from the selected respondents due to being confidential for the company. †¢ This report also suffered from inadequate secondary information. †¢ This report’s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. †¢ The findings may not be generalized to the SPL as a whole. About SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd: SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited is the largest pharmaceutical Company in Bangladesh and is leading the Pharmaceuticals sector from the very beginning. It has been continuously in the 1st position among all national and multinational companies since 1985. It was established in 1958 and converted into a public limited company in 1991. The sales turnover of SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd was more than Taka 7.5 Billion (US$ 107.91 million) with about 16.92%market share (April 2006– March 2007) having a growth rate of about 23.17%. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited is an organization with equal emphasis on Leadership, Technology, Quality and Passion. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the leading branded generic pharmaceutical manufacturer in Bangladesh producing essential and other ethical drugs and medicines by maintaining the quality. SQUARE today symbolizes a name a state of mind. But its journey to the growth and prosperity has been no bed of roses. From the inception in 1958, it has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd., the flagship company, is holding the strong leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh since 1985and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals started as a Partnership Firm in 1958. It converted into a Private Limited Company in 1964. The company made its initial price offering in 1995. It has achieved MHRA certificate as the first pharmaceutical company of Bangladesh. Environmental factors influencing the marketing activities of SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd: Environmental factors and forces that exist in our outside marketing affect marketing management’s ability to build and maintain successful relationship with target customers. And successful companies like â€Å"SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd† know the vital importance of constantly watching and adapting to the changing environment. Microenvironment of SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd: TheCompany: In designing marketing plans marketing management takes other company groups into account-groups such as top management, finance, research and development, purchasing, operations and accounting. SQUARE strives for best compensation to all the employees who constitute the back-bone of the management and operational strength of the company through a pay-package composing salary/wages, allowances, bonuses, profit participation, leave salary and superannuation retirement benefits. Suppliers: Suppliers like as- different in regents of making pharmaceuticals products, packaging related products and others. They provide the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. Supplier’s problem can seriously affect marketing. SQUARE strives for the best co-operation of suppliers who offer them at the best prices at the opportune moments. Marketing Intermediaries: Marketing intermediaries includes resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing services agencies and financial intermediaries. SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd do not have physical distribution firms or marketing services. But they influenced by reseller and financial intermediaries to market their goods and services. Customers: The five types of customer markets are consumer, business, reseller, government and international market. Square strives, for top quality health care products at the least cost reaching the lowest rungs of the economic class of people in the country. Square values our social obligations. SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd have enough capturing power in all the customer markets. That is why they are in leading role in pharmaceuticals business in Bangladesh. Competitors: The marketing concept states that to be successful, a company must provide greater customers value and satisfaction than its competitors do. A team of scientific pharmaceutical experts who continuously conduct research development programs for improving quality of products, reduction of cost, adaptation of products that are free of intellectual property rights and innovative products. These efforts have enabled the company to add new products to its product lines every year to the benefit of the common men of the country and the shareholders. The success in this field has secured the leading position for the company in the pharmaceutical sector. Publics: Any group has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organizational ability to achieve its objectives. They are financial, media, government, citizen action, local, general and internal publics. SQUARE strives for best compensation to all the employees who constitute the back-bone of the management and operational strength of the company through a pay-package composing salary/wages, allowances, bonuses, profit participation, leave salary and superannuation retirement benefits. Square strives for practicing good-governance in every sphere of activities covering inter alia not being limited to, disclosure reporting to shareholders, holding AGM in time, distribution of dividends and other benefits to shareholders, reporting/dissemination of price sensitive information, acquisition of shares by insiders, recruitment promotion of staff, procurement supplies, sale of assets etc. all that directly and indirectly affect the interest of concerned groups the shareholders, the creditors, suppliers, employees, government and the public in general. Macro environment of SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd: Demographic environment: Demography is the study of human, populations in terms of age, density, location, gender, race, occupation and other. SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd is the pioneer of pharmaceuticals business in our country. So they our countries overall population and gradually they are capturing the international market. Square strives for equality between sexes, races, religions and regions in all spheres of our operation without any discriminatory treatment. Economic environment: This environment consists of buying and selling pattern, spending power, income, saving patterns of a group and this environment can discussed in two ways – (1) Subsistence and (2) Industrial economics. Square owes their shareholders and strive for protection of their capital as well as ensure highest return and growth of their assets. SQUARE pharmaceutical is influenced by the economic environment of our country directly. Economic conditions influence the growth and continuation of their entire business operations. Natural environment: Marketers take natural resources as input. Considerations of marketers in case of their awareness about natural resources are (1) Shortage in supply of raw materials (2) Increased population (3) Government interventions, SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd produce and distributes their product by their own. So they are aware of above and considerations for their betterment. Square strives for an environment free from pollution and poisoning. Technological environment: Incase of capture the following and need markets, marketers should consider the facts and they are (1) Accelerating pace of technological change, (2) New markets and opportunities, (3) Innovational oppurtunities.The international market become more competitive due to globalization. So technological environment and it’s considering factors are a matter of concern of importer and their marketing. SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd is endeavoring to upgrade and adopt new technology in production, quality control, distribution and administration of its products to patients. During the year (2007-2008) the company invested an amount of Tk. 36,424,234 in improving its Laboratory. Political environment: The considerations of political environment are- (1) Legislation regulation of business, (2) Changing government agency enforcement, (3) Increased emphasis on ethics and society, (4) Political situation. The political condition of our country is not so stable. So SQUARE pharmaceuticals Ltd faced many damage due to change in political condition of our country. Square strives for fulfillment the responsibility to the government through payment of entire range of due taxes, duties and claims by various public agencies like municipalities etc. Cultural environment: Incase of cultural environment, a company should think about following considerations (1) People views of themselves, (2) People views of society,(3) People views of organization (4) People views of nature,(5) People views of universe. Square strives for the achievement of millennium development goals for the human civilization. Square strives for an environment free from pollution and poisoning. Square strives, as responsible citizen, for a social order devoid of malpractices, anti-environmental behaviors, unethical and immoral activities and corruptive dealings.

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1/9/14 Henry Graham Greene was an influential 20th century author who was able to combine serious literary recognition with present day popularity whose collections impact the modern world today. Greene is notorious for religious studies and involved in making changes to the literary world, enabling readers to further explore theological concerns. Leaving an imprint on literature, many study his works and still celebrate his legacy all over the world. Rebelling against his own beliefs and suffering with bipolar disorder , many aspects of Greene’s life remain unrecognized which encourages many to study his impact on the present day. Native to Berkhamsted, England, Greene was born October 2, 1904 to parents Charles and Marion Raymond Greene, who were first cousins. Greene grew up in the St. John’s House, a boarding school where his father was the housemaster. Accustomed to a large family, Greene spent his childhood summers with his uncle at the Harston House, another boarding school, where he learned to read. As a boarder at the St. John’s House, Greene was bullied and spent years in depression with several attempts of suicide. At the age of 16, Greene was sent for psychotherapy in London, later returning to his former home to continue as a day student. Beginning his first year at Oxford University, Greene became a member of the Communist party. Although leaving this party quickly, Greene wrote profiles on Ho Chi Minh and Fidel Castro to relay his studies (Coleman 529). A rough period in his life encouraged Greene to seek religious outlets that influenced his works as did his political affiliations. In 1926, greene converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism. The reasoning for this transformation was to seek cure to the sufferin... ...ligion and social ideologies. Recently, a documentary further exploring Greene’s early life and career was released drawing attention to his change to writing. Greene’s novels, poems, and plays are still being produced into films and performed in theaters across the globe. Each year, Graham Greene is recognized at the Graham Greene International Festival held in Berkhamsted on his birthday, October 2, to further promote his studies and gather fans to discuss. Modest about his literature and a confusing character to understand, Greene left the impression among many that his career was merely a sign from his youth to express what he knew, and what he could explore and discuss with others: â€Å"My two fingers on a typewriter have never connected with my brain. My hand on a pen does. A fountain pen, of course. Ball-point pens are only good for filling out forms on a plane.†

Boston Tea Party Essay

Attention Getter: You probably wouldn’t believe me if I told you that a drug that creates the same signaling activity in the brain as cocaine is sold legally on almost every street corner across the nation. This is a fact however, and the drug is caffeine. It is one of the main ingredients in coffee, and is currently the most frequently used recreational drug in the world. Establish Credibility: I personally consider myself a coffee expert, and have been drinking at least one cup of coffee almost every morning for the last three years. Relate to the audience: Now, I know not every one of you drinks coffee but as you can tell by the multiple Dutch Bros, Starbucks, and other coffee shops around town it is a very big part of our culture today. Preview: Throughout the course of this speech, I will discuss three major points relating to coffee. First, I will give some information on the history of coffee and when it first came into human culture, followed by the positive health benefits and some of the negative health risks associated with coffee. [First of all, I’m going to talk a little bit about the historical side of coffee and how it first got popular in our culture. ] Body I. Main Point: To understand why coffee is such a big part of modern day society, we must first understand where it originated. A. Sub-point: Coffee was first cultivated on the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century. 1. Supporting details: Not only were the Arab’s the first to cultivate coffee, but they also were the first to trade coffee. 2. By the 16th century, the popularity of coffee was already expanding and Persia, Egypt, Syria and Turkey all had discovered about the amazing beverage. B. Sub-point: By the 17th century coffee was still gaining notoriety around the world, however it was still not a household favorite as it as today. 1. Supporting Details: Coffee houses started sprouting up everywhere in the 1700’s, however tea was still the most popular drink around. 2. In 1773 a heavy tax on tea was inflicted by King George, which led to a pretty famous revolt called The Boston Tea Party. 3. Since people couldn’t afford tea after the tax, coffee quickly took over as the most popular morning beverage across the world, and remains the most popular today. [Although coffee has been drank for hundreds of years, the majority of its health benefits have only recently been discovered in the last few decades. ] II. Main Point: The majority of people drink coffee just to get through each day, however it does have many positive benefits to your health. A. Sub-point: Within just the last few years alone there has been research done showing that coffee may protect against type 2 diabetes, liver cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. 1. Supporting details: According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, liver cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer and coffee has been shown to reduce risk of liver cancer by 40%. 2. Drinking coffee reduces the risk of diabetes as well, which is a common risk factor of liver cancer. B. Sub-point: One of the other medical uses of coffee is in preventing Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. 1. Supporting details: The most common neurodegenerative disease and number 1 cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s. 2. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s, however it has been shown that coffee drinkers have up to a 65% lower risk of getting the disease. [You might be thinking coffee is a miracle drink after some of those statistics, however it also has many negative effects on health as well. ] III. Main Point: There are a great deal of health issues that can result from drinking coffee, with some of the most common being addiction, insomnia and increased blood pressure. A. Sub-point: As a college student, one of the last things you will ever want to experience is insomnia, but it is a regular side effect of coffee. 1. Supporting details: By blocking certain receptors in the brain, coffee prevents chemicals that induce sleep from being used. B. Sub-point: Another widely studied effect of coffee, specifically caffeine, is how addictive it is. 1. Supporting details: Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and regular use will result in a physical dependence. 2. If a regular coffee drinker doesn’t have their daily cup, they will feel fatigued, irritable, and experience headaches within the first 24 hours. Conclusion 1. Transition Signal: In conclusion, coffee isn’t for everyone but if you do choose to consume it, you at least now know how it affects you. 2. Summary of Main Points: Throughout this speech we looked at how coffee first gained popularity in the human race, some of it’s positive health benefits as well as some of the negatives. 3. Call to Action: Even if you’ve never been a fan of coffee, try drinking a cup before your next study session and see if you still don’t like it. 4. Memorable end: Although it may be addicting and cause serious potential health problems, there must be something special about coffee considering over half of adults in the U. S. drink it daily. References: 1) â€Å"Coffee Acts Just like Cocaine, Says Scientist. † BeverageDaily. com. Beverage Daily, 02 Sept. 2002. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 2) Goldschein, Eric. â€Å"11 Incredible Facts About The Global Coffee Industry. † Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 14 Nov. 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 3) Gunnars, Kris. â€Å"13 Proven Health Benefits of Coffee† Authority Nutrition. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 4) â€Å"The History Of Coffee. † – National Coffee Association. NCA, n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 5) Stromberg, Joseph. â€Å"This Is How Your Brain Becomes Addicted to Caffeine. † Smithsonian. N. p. , 9 Aug. 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. 6) Van Dam, Rob. â€Å"Ask the Expert: Coffee and Health. † The Nutrition Source. Harvard School of Public Health, n. d. Web. 09 Nov. 2014. 7) Weber, Belinda. â€Å"Coffee Consumption Cuts Liver Cancer Risk. † Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.

Professional Writing and Composition: Meeting Announcement Essay

An announcement letter can be forwarded to inform a person of the itinerary of the meeting (LetterExpert.co.uk, 2007). It can be transmitted to reveal happenings such as banquets, weddings etc. It can also be written to convey to the community about the results of a competition, a changes in the institutional regulations, to call a meeting, or to inform the company departments regarding industrial action. Below is a sample of letter announcing or informing a meeting: Preparations were completed for a meeting to be held on 28 November 2007, at 8 o’clock in the morning, in Multimedia conference room, Legacy building located at 88 Magalia St. NY. The said gathering has the following objectives: To discuss the essential requirement of the project To know the description and characteristics of the new project design To identify the forms and span of researches to be undertaken relative to new design prototype development of GE Refrigeration System. To be ready before the formal launching of the project, this meeting is considerably required. Representatives from public and private organizations and media entities are requested to be present at the actual launching.   Within two weeks after the assembly, you are required to provide your commentaries and analysis of the objectives of the project, structure of the organization, the timetable for the whole duration of the project, the scope and limitation of the research and whether or not a group of consultants is needed during the whole project, and also any further commentaries that you may wish to express. You may also provide any information on the advantages and disadvantages of the project’s location.   We are warmly sending you invitation to attend and be part of the said gathering. We trust that the early participation of all the groups interested in this project will increase the efficiency and quality of cooperative planning.   Individuals who would require backup instruments to properly communicate to be able to partake in the talk are encouraged to inform their needs and inclination to the Executive Director for this proposed project at 710928719 or TDD phone number 4618691. References Boundary Between Professional Engineering Society and State Licensing Board. August 29, 2006. National Academy of Engineering Retrieved   November 26, 2007 from LetterExpert.co.uk (2007) Letter of Announcement. Retrieved November 26, 2007 from http://www.letterexpert.co.uk/LetterOfAnnouncement.html Project Sample Letters. (2007). Project Development Procedure Manual. 6. 368-370

Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems

Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems Introduction A streamlined supply chain ensures business efficiency and more productive business processes. Supply chain management involves the management of supply and demand, customer orders, inventory tracking, distribution channels and customer deliveries. Thus, in streamlining the supply chain, integration of all these business processes is essential.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the evolving global markets, stiff competition and technological advancements have made quality management in supply chains a challenge to quality managers. Supply chain management aims at enhancing sustainable organizational competitiveness and customer satisfaction. Often, supply chain management (SCM) emphasizes on customer delivery at reduced prices while quality management emphasizes on quality of goods or services at reduced pr ices. The article, ‘Developing global supply chain quality management systems’ by Kuei, Madu and Lin discusses a conceptual framework for the integration of the two approaches; SCM and quality management (2011, p. 4457). The article identifies system, design and decision variables as integral to any global supply chain quality management (SCQM) strategy. By using in-depth case studies of multinational companies in Taiwan, Kuei et al identified four essential themes of SCQM strategy: design, SCM, human resource management and leadership decision-making. According to Foster, quality management enhances communication in supply chains, which promotes partnerships along the supply chain and enhances customer relationship management (2009, p. 156). Kuei et al describe the CRM, enterprise-planning systems (ERP) and product lifecycle management (PLM) as systems that facilitate collaborations along the supply chains (2009, p. 4458). Their framework integrates the principles of q uality management in supply chains to enhance profitability and customer satisfaction.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Quality Management Principles Most multinational companies have adopted various models that incorporate quality management concepts into existing SCM models in order to confront the challenges of globalization. Kuei et al identify five main challenges that affect the supply chains quality: advanced technologies, environment conservation, partnerships, outsourcing and reducing wastes (2009, p. 4459). These pressures call for the need for quality management in supply chains. Specifically, quality management addresses SCM inadequacies such as leadership in supply chains, creation of a collaborative culture, management of logistical processes and customer cost requirements (Goetsch, Davis1997, p.148). The article highlights outsourcing as a viabl e option to modern enterprises for enhancing quality management in supply chains relative to vertical integration. It influences partnerships, logistics as well as the management of the supply networks and improves core competencies and productivity when properly implemented. Further, the critical factors in supply chains such as the management of consumer relationships, customer demand and multivendor interface require trust-based partnerships. The article identifies three key issues that can facilitate outsourcing as a SCQM initiative: creation of the CRM, decisions on outsourcing and management of logistics. One of the principles of quality management in supply chains is a cooperative relationship. According to Foster (2009, p. 144), collaboration among the supply chain participants results to improved performance. People can achieve this through frequent communication and trust-based relationships among the supply chain partners. Therefore, a cooperative approach through teamwor k rather than a competition contribute to improved performance of supply chains. Sustainability in global supply chains is another aspect of SCQM. Kuei et al posit that sustainable economics with regard to environmental protection is essential in today’s market that is environmentally conscious (2009, p. 4460). As a result, global enterprises should focus on environment protection initiatives such as recycling, inverse manufacturing, ISO 14000 certification and project assessment in order to remain competitive in today’s market. However, launching environmental protection initiatives in the whole supply chain often face leadership challenges.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Developing Global Supply Chain Quality Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leadership in SCM is indispensable in the implementation of quality culture with regard to environmental protection. Gorst, Kanji, and Walla ce (1998, p. 102) describe leadership as the base for quality management as they serve as role models to their employees to collaborate to improve the supply chain performance. The development of a culture of quality and sustainability in the whole supply chain is under the influence of the top management. Quality management in SCM also requires waste reduction especially during the manufacturing. Kuei et al argues that waste caused by over-production, poor inventory management and inefficient manufacturing processes has a significant impact on the overall performance of the supply chains (2009, p. 4461). One can achieve waste avoidance through strategic evaluation of processes such as manufacturing, transportation and raw material selection. They argue that people have to manage these processes effectively to reduce wastage. In addition, they identify the six-sigma projects as essential in waste reduction along the supply chain. Accordingly, Cavinato identifies an integrated proces s-production process, design process, delivery process and support process- among the supply chain members as critical for ensuring an efficient supply chain and minimizing errors in business and manufacturing processes (1992, p. 11). Thus, effective management of various processes is essential in waste avoidance along the supply chains. Quality management in operations of the supply chain relies on the development of communities. In this way, the global enterprises are able to respond to customer needs in the era of globalization. Through community development initiatives and philanthropy, modern enterprises collaborate with other supply chain partners in strengthening communities as a corporate social responsibility (Cavinato1992, p. 13). Thus, by developing communities, organizations must focus on the ultimate customer. According to Cooper and Elliram, customer satisfaction is central to SCQM (1993, p. 21). The customer is the central focus of community development in supply chai ns.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another quality management strategy for SCM is the adoption of modern technologies. Modern technologies in managerial, manufacturing and business processes have benefits not only for SCM but also for ERP and CRM as well (Kuei et al. 2009, p. 4461). Modern technologies facilitate decision making and planning to meet customer demands and establish supply networks. These technologies allow members of the supply chain to link one another and achieve overall competence and innovation. Cooper and Elliram (1993, p. 18) emphasizes the importance of information exchange along the supply chain especially with regard to improvement in the supply chain operation. Exchange of product information, demand forecast and information on the supply market facilitates the performance of the supply chain. The Quality Theory An integrated quality system in supply chains relies on three basic principles: cooperative relationships, customer focus and process improvement. Foster recommends an integrated appr oach to managing quality along the supply chains (2009, p. 149). He outlines a contingency perspective for integrating the quality principles in a supply chain strategy. The contingency perspective identifies the aspects specific to a situation and recommends for contextual application of an appropriate theory as a unified SCM theory is lacking. According to Foster, to resolve the differences among the SCM theories, an integrated approach is noteworthy (2009, p. 154). The integrated view encompasses various variables including leadership, quality assurance, employee improvement and customer focus. From the leadership front, leaders play a critical role through their decisions regarding quality improvement to achieve greater competitiveness. In the article, the authors identify a hybrid approach to decision-making along different levels. According to them, these are fundamental to SCQM strategy. The article also adopts a contingency perspective with regard to decision-making tools in SCQM. The employee improvement through training enhances productivity and quality improvement in supply chains. The article identifies three analytic hierarchical process (AHP) levels for quality improvement: tactical, strategic and environmental perspectives. From the tactical perspective, global enterprises must focus on employee attributes along the supply chain. Accordingly, top management must ensure competence development, behavior realization and creation of a quality culture along the supply chains. Another approach of ensuring quality along the supply chains is through quality assurance. Foster posits that quality design inspection of products and business processes is essential in quality improvement (2009, p. 150). The article reveals design for six sigma (DFSS) philosophy as a way of measuring and improving business processes. The aim of the DFSS is to prevent defects and reduce waste during business processes (Foster 2009, p. 149). The six-sigma management allows the i dentification, measurement and elimination of defects in a process to achieve a higher quality level. Customer focus is another essential approach for quality improvement. Organizations must be customer oriented i.e. understand the customer needs and try to meet them (Foster 2009, p. 151). One can realize this through customer relationship management (CRM) approach (Kuei et al. 2009, P. 4457). The involvement of all members at different levels of the supply chain also contributes to quality supply chains. Most importantly, strategic planning ensures that organizations manage their processes and activities for improved performance of the supply chains. In addition, continual improvement is essential to the success of the supply chains and achievement of greater organizational competitiveness. Thus, an integrated quality theory should encompass the principles of SCQM and the various variables of quality improvement. Implications of the Author’s Findings to Practice Based on in -depth interviews of senior executives, the authors identified four strategic areas with a potential for quality improvement in supply chains. These include the human resource management, the international standards, DFSS and supply chain management that are essential in achieving competence development and business growth. Further, from the AHP analysis, the authors established that human resource management and global leadership are essential aspects of quality improvement in organizations in the current trends of globalization. This finding recognizes the need for organizations to focus on personnel and leadership development to remain competitive in the future. The authors identify four aspects of personnel and leadership development: corporate ethics, change management, systems thinking and decision-making. The organizational commitment to personnel development stands out as critical to supply chain quality management in the modern globalized economy. The authors propose behavi or, structural and functional changes as well as competency developments in supply chains as ways organizations can mitigate the effects of globalization. Three issues of design components, hierarchy in decision-making and design in business processes are core to a quality global supply chain system proposed in the article (Kuei et al. 2009, P. 4463). Conclusion Global supply chains are essential to large enterprises as they allow them to compete effectively in the international market. However, SQCM is often a challenge to quality managers due to an increasingly competitive global market. The principles of quality management in supply chains aim at improving quality to achieve profitability and efficiency of supply chains. Kuei et al framework focuses on systems, design and problem-solving variables in achieving SQCM. Thus, framework provides an integrated approach to enhancing the quality in the global supply chains. References Cavinato, J., 1992. Identifying Interfirm total cost advantages for supply chain Competitiveness. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 27, pp. 10-15. Cooper, M., Elliram, L., 1993. Characteristic of Supply chain Management and the Implications for Purchasing and logistics Strategy. International Journal of Logistic Management, 4(2). pp. 13-24. Foster, T., 2009. Managing Quality: Integrating the Supply Chain. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. pp. 156-172. Goetsch, D., Davis, B., 1997. Introduction to Total Quality: Quality Management for  Production, Processing and Services. London: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 147-154. Gorst, J., Kanji, G., Wallace, W., 1998. Providing Customer Satisfaction. Total Quality  Management, 9, pp. 100-105. Kuei, C., Madu, C., Lin, C., 2011. Developing global supply chain quality management Systems. International Journal of Production Research, 49 (15), pp. 4457–448.

Ochre - The Oldest Known Natural Pigment in the World

Ochre - The Oldest Known Natural Pigment in the World Ochre (rarely spelled ocher and often referred to as yellow ochre) is one of a variety of forms of iron oxide which are described as earth-based pigments. These pigments, used by ancient and modern artists, are made of iron oxyhydroxide, which is to say they are natural minerals and compounds composed of varying proportions of iron (Fe3 or Fe2), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). Other natural forms of earth pigments related to ochre include sienna, which is similar to yellow ochre but warmer in color and more translucent; and umber, which has goethite as its primary component and incorporates various levels of manganese. Red oxides or red ochres are hematite-rich forms of yellow ochres, commonly formed from aerobic natural weathering of iron-bearing minerals. Prehistoric and Historic Uses Natural iron-rich oxides provided red-yellow-brown paints and dyes for a wide range of prehistoric uses, including but in no way limited to rock art paintings, pottery, wall paintings and cave art, and human tattoos. Ochre is the earliest known pigment used by humans to paint our worldperhaps as long ago as 300,000 years. Other documented or implied uses are as medicines, as a preservative agent for animal hide preparation, and as a ​loading agent for adhesives (called  mastics). Ochre is often associated with human burials: for example, the Upper Paleolithic cave site of Arene Candide has an early use of ochre at a burial of a young man 23,500 years ago. The site of Paviland Cave in the UK, dated to about the same time, had a burial so soaked in red ochre he was (somewhat mistakenly) called the Red Lady. Natural Earth Pigments Before the 18th and 19th century, most pigments used by artists were of natural origin, made up of mixtures of organic dyes, resins, waxes, and minerals. Natural earth pigments like ochres consist of three parts: the principle color-producing component (hydrous or anhydrous iron oxide), the secondary or modifying color component (manganese oxides within umbers or carbonaceous material within brown or black pigments) and the base or carrier of the color (almost always clay, the weathered product of silicate rocks). Ochre is thought generally to be red, but in fact is a naturally-occurring yellow mineral pigment, consisting of clay, siliceous materials and the hydrated form of iron oxide known as limonite. Limonite is a general term referring to all forms of hydrated iron oxide, including goethite, which is the fundamental component of the ochre earths. Getting Red from Yellow Ochre contains a minimum of 12% iron oxyhydroxide, but the amount can range up to 30% or more, giving rise to the wide range of colors from light yellow to red and brown. The intensity of color depends on the degree of oxidation and hydration of the iron oxides, and the color becomes browner depending on the percentage of manganese dioxide, and redder based on the percentage of hematite. Since ochre is sensitive to oxidation and hydration, the yellow can be turned red by heating goethite (FeOOH) bearing pigments in yellow earth and converting some of it to hematite. Exposing yellow goethite to temperatures above 300 degrees Celcius will gradually dehydrate the mineral, converting it first to orange-yellow and then red as hematite is produced. Evidence of heat-treatment of ochre dates at least as early as the Middle Stone Age deposits in Blombos cave, South Africa. How Old Is Ochre Use? Ochre is very common on archaeological sites worldwide. Certainly, Upper Paleolithic cave art in Europe and Australia contain the generous use of the mineral: but ochre use is much older. The earliest possible use of ochre discovered so far is from a Homo erectus site about 285,000 years old. At the site called GnJh-03 in the Kapthurin formation of Kenya, a total of five kilograms (11 pounds) of ochre in more than 70 pieces was discovered. By 250,000-200,000 years ago, Neanderthals were using ochre, at the Maastricht Belvà ©dà ¨re site in The Netherlands (Roebroeks) and the Benzu rock shelter in Spain. Ochre and Human Evolution Ochre was part of the first art of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) phase in Africa called Howiesons Poort. The early modern human assemblages of 100,000-year-old MSA sites including Blombos Cave and Klein Kliphuis in South Africa have been found to include examples of engraved ochre, slabs of ochre with carved patterns deliberately cut into the surface. Spanish paleontologist Carlos Duarte (2014) has even suggested that using red ochre as a pigment in tattoos (and otherwise ingested) may have had a role in human evolution, as it would have been a source of iron directly to the human brain, perhaps making us smarter. The presence of ochre mixed with milk proteins on an artifact from a 49,000-year-old MSA level at Sibudu cave in South Africa is suggested to have been used to make the ochre liquid, probably by killing a lactating bovid (Villa 2015). Identifying the Sources The yellow-red-brown ochre pigments used in paintings and dyes are often a mixture of mineral elements, both in their natural state and as a result of deliberate mixing by the artist. Much of recent research on ochre and its natural earth relatives has been focused on identifying the specific elements of a pigment used in a particular paint or dye. Determining what a pigment is made up of allows the archaeologist to find out the source where the paint was mined or collected, which could provide information about long-distance trade. Mineral analysis helps in conservation and restoration practices; and in modern art studies, assists in the technical examination for authentication, identification of a specific artist, or the objective description of an artists techniques. Such analyses have been difficult in the past because older techniques required the destruction of some of the paint fragments. More recently, studies that use microscopic amounts of paint or even completely non-invasive studies such as various types of spectrometry, digital microscopy, x-ray fluorescence, spectral reflectance, and x-ray diffraction have been used successfully to split out the minerals used, and determine the type and treatment of the pigment. Sources Bu K, Cizdziel JV, and Russ J. 2013. The Source of Iron-Oxide Pigments Used in Pecos River Style Rock Paints. Archaeometry 55(6):1088-1100.Buti D, Domenici D, Miliani C, Garcà ­a Siz C, Gà ³mez Espinoza T, Jà ­menez Villalba F, Verde Casanova A, Sabà ­a de la Mata A, Romani A, Presciutti F et al. 2014. Non-invasive investigation of a pre-Hispanic Maya screenfold book: the Madrid Codex. Journal of Archaeological Science 42(0):166-178.Cloutis E, MacKay A, Norman L, and Goltz D. 2016. Identification of historic artists pigments using spectral reflectance and X-ray diffraction properties I. Iron oxide and oxy-hydroxide-rich pigments. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 24(1):27-45.Dayet L, Le Bourdonnec FX, Daniel F, Porraz G, and Texier PJ. 2015. Ochre Provenance and Procurement Strategies During The Middle Stone Age at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Archaeometry:n/a-n/a.Dayet L, Texier PJ, Daniel F, and Porraz G. 2013. Ochre resources from the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(9):3492-3505. Duarte CM. 2014. Red ochre and shells: clues to human evolution. Trends in Ecology Evolution 29(10):560-565.Eiselt BS, Popelka-Filcoff RS, Darling JA, and Glascock MD. 2011. Hematite sources and archaeological ochres from Hohokam and O’odham sites in central Arizona: an experiment in type identification and characterization. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(11):3019-3028.Erdogu B, and Ulubey A. 2011. Colour symbolism in the prehistoric architecture of central Anatolia and Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of red ochre in Chalcolithic Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k. Oxford Journal Of Archaeology 30(1):1-11.Henshilwood C, DErrico F, Van Niekerk K, Coquinot Y, Jacobs Z, Lauritzen S-E, Menu M, and Garcia-Moreno R. 2011. A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334:219-222.Moyo S, Mphuthi D, Cukrowska E, Henshilwood CS, van Niekerk K, and Chimuka L. 2016. Blombos Cave: Middle Stone Age ochre differentiation through FTIR, ICP OES, ED XRF and XRD . Quaternary International 404, Part B:20-29. Rifkin RF. 2012. Processing ochre in the Middle Stone Age: Testing the inference of prehistoric behaviours from actualistically derived experimental data. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(2):174-195.Roebroeks W, Sier MJ, Kellberg Nielsen T, De Loecker D, Pares JM, Arps CES, and Mucher HJ. 2012. Use of red ochre by early Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(6):1889-1894.Villa P, Pollarolo L, Degano I, Birolo L, Pasero M, Biagioni C, Douka K, Vinciguerra R, Lucejko JJ, and Wadley L. 2015. A Milk and Ochre Paint Mixture Used 49,000 Years Ago at Sibudu, South Africa. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0131273.